The increasing demand for novel therapeutic agents has led to a resurgence of interest in bioprospecting, particularly within the realm of aquatic organisms. Fish mucus, a viscous secretion that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system of fish, has emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. This review explores the potential of fish mucus-derived peptides as innovative therapeutics for various human health challenges, including infections, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer. The antimicrobial properties of fish mucus peptides, including their efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens, highlight their promise as natural antibiotics. Additionally, their antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities further underscore their therapeutic potential. The review also addresses the mechanisms of action of these peptides, their role in promoting wound healing, and their anticancer properties. Despite the promising applications, the exploration of fish mucus remains largely underutilized, necessitating further research to harness its full potential in drug discovery and development.