This study investigates the application of green logistics models in supply chain management at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Hanoi, Viet Nam, within the context of sustainable development. The research addresses growing environmental challenges associated with logistics activities, such as energy inefficiency, emissions, and waste, while emphasizing the strategic role of green logistics in improving operational performance and competitiveness. Using a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 131 SMEs operating in the logistics sector in Hanoi through structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, applying reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. The research model examines five independent factors affecting sustainable logistics performance: green technology in logistics, environmental protection regulations, sustainable supply chain management, internal business environment, and employee awareness and training. Reliability analysis shows strong internal consistency across all measurement scales, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.714 to 0.892, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.6. Exploratory factor analysis confirms the validity of the model, with a KMO value of 0.761, Bartlett’s test significance of 0.000, and total variance explained of 64.335%, indicating robust factor structure. Regression analysis demonstrates that all five factors have a statistically significant positive impact on sustainable logistics performance (Sig. < 0.05). The adjusted R² value of 0.533 indicates that 53.3% of the variation in sustainable logistics performance is explained by the model. Among the factors, the internal business environment exerts the strongest influence (β = 0.407), followed by employee awareness and training (β = 0.208), green technology in logistics (β = 0.184), environmental protection regulations (β = 0.151), and sustainable supply chain management (β = 0.150). The findings confirm that effective green logistics adoption in SMEs requires not only technological investment and regulatory compliance but also strong internal organizational support and workforce engagement. The study provides empirical evidence to support policy development and managerial strategies aimed at promoting sustainable logistics practices in Viet Nam.