Growing coal demand and rising production pressures in opencast mining have long prioritised output over energy efficiency. With escalating energy costs and tighter GHG regulations, the industry now requires smarter, sustainability-driven transport solutions. This study proposes a pioneering dual-framework that blends an Operations approach with a sustainability assessment to rethink mine transportation. The Geodesic Transport Optimization Model (GTOM) introduces geodesic path analysis to derive the most efficient transport route between extraction and deposition points, enabling a robust comparison of haul trucks and conveyor belts for cost-effective productivity improvement in Indian opencast mines. Alongside, the Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) evaluates the environmental performance of both systems, offering a comprehensive measure of long-term ecological viability. Together, GTOM and SAM present a transformative pathway for the mining sector supporting decision-makers in achieving higher productivity while ensuring regulatory compliance, reduced emissions, and resilient, future-ready operations
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